Md Nazmul Islam

A simple circuit with a single resistor connected to a voltage source (battery). Charges move through the resistor from the positive terminal of the source to the negative. The animation often shows little dots or markers representing electric charge or current flow. From the resistor’s point of view The resistor resists the flow...

What a triangle wave is A triangle wave is a periodic waveform that linearly ramps up then linearly ramps down (or vice versa), forming a triangular shape. It has slope changes at the peaks (sharp corners), unlike sine waves which are smooth. What Fourier series does here Fourier series lets you express a...

What is a square wave A square wave is a periodic waveform that switches between two levels (for example +A and −A, or “on” and “off”) with instantaneous transitions. It’s one of the basic waveforms in electronics, signal processing, music synthesis etc. What is shown in the image The waveform alternates between two...

A Sinusoidal wave in the context of Electrical or Electronics Engineering is used to represent a time-varying voltage or current whose average value in a cycle is zero. Mathematically, this waveform can be represented by the equation.

Alternating Voltage (AC Voltage): Voltage that changes direction periodically, usually in a sinusoidal pattern. A sine wave represents AC voltage and current. Voltage and current rise from 0 → maximum → 0 → negative maximum → 0, repeatedly.

As you can see, the current through the coil is 90° out of phase - and delayed. Why? The periodically alternating current flow creates a magnetic field in the coil that also alternates periodically. This alternating magnetic field in turn results in an induction voltage, which (according to...

An ultrasonic sensor is a device that measures distance or detects objects by sending out ultrasonic sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. It’s commonly used for obstacle detection, level measurement, and proximity sensing.

Pressure Sensors measure the force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) and convert it into an electrical signal. Common types: Strain Gauge Sensors – detect pressure via deformation of a material. Piezoelectric Sensors – generate voltage when pressure is applied. Capacitive Sensors – change capacitance with pressure changes. Used in industrial automation, hydraulics,...

Temperature Sensors measure heat or cold and convert it into an electrical signal. Common types include: Thermocouples – generate voltage based on temperature difference. RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) – change resistance with temperature. Thermistors – resistance changes sharply with temperature.

Photoelectric Sensors can be used to detect objects or the orientation of an object on a production line, and they can be used to count. Photoelectric sensors are often referred to as photo-eye sensors.

A PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor detects human presence by sensing infrared (IR) radiation emitted by the body. When a person moves within its range, the sensor detects the change in IR energy and triggers an output signal, indicating presence.

Inductive Sensors Used to detect metal objects without contact. Work by generating an electromagnetic field → when a metal object enters, it changes the field, and the sensor switches