Importance of Earthing Rules in Installations

What is Earthing and Bonding? Earthing: Connects electrical systems to the ground, providing a safe path for fault currents. Prevents shocks by directing excess electricity...

Maximum Load Capacity Rules for Circuits

🔌 What is Electrical Capacity? Electrical capacity = maximum electricity a circuit, panel, or generator can handle safely. Measured in Amperes (Amps). Exceeding capacity → risk of...

Rules for Installing Switches and Sockets

General Rules All plugs and socket outlets must be 3-pin type. Provide an adequate number of sockets in each room. In sub-power circuits: Use only 3-pin, 16A sockets. Each...

Electrical Wiring Color Codes and Standards

IEC (most of Europe) AC power circuit wiring color codes FunctionlabelColor, IECColor, old IECProtective earthPEgreen-yellowgreen-yellowNeutralNblueblueLine, single phaseLbrownbrown or blackLine, 3-phaseL1brownbrown or blackLine, 3-phaseL2blackbrown or blackLine,...

National Electrical Code (NEC) Basics Every Electrician Should Know

What is the NEC? The National Electrical Code (NEC) sets the standard for safe electrical wiring and equipment installation in the U.S. Published by the National...

How to Prevent Electrical Shocks on the Job Site

Electrocution is one of the most serious hazards at work. Following simple precautions can greatly reduce the risk. 🔧 1. Use the Right Equipment Choose double-insulated...

Safe Handling of Live Wires and Circuits

⚡ Safe Handling of Live Wires and Circuits 🔎 Hazards of Improper Handling Electrical Shock – direct contact with live wires. Fire Risk – overloaded/damaged wires can...

Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) – Why It’s Important for Electricians

🔒 Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) – Why It Matters ⚡ What is Lockout/Tagout? LOTO = Lock + Tag on equipment during repair, servicing, or maintenance. Prevents unexpected startup or...

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Electrical Work

🛡️ Types of PPE Head Protection – Hard hats with electrical insulation. Eye & Face Protection – Safety glasses, goggles, face shields (for sparks/arc flash). Hearing Protection...

Basic Electrical Safety Rules Every Electrician Must Follow

Keep equipment away from water – Maintain at least 5 feet distance and use GFCIs to prevent shocks and fire hazards. Unplug safely – Always...

Resistor

A simple circuit with a single resistor connected to a voltage source (battery). Charges move through the resistor from the positive terminal of the source...

Fourier series triangle wave circles

What a triangle wave is A triangle wave is a periodic waveform that linearly ramps up then linearly ramps down (or vice versa), forming a...

Square Waveform

What is a square wave A square wave is a periodic waveform that switches between two levels (for example +A and −A, or “on” and...

Sinusoidal wave

A Sinusoidal wave in the context of Electrical or Electronics Engineering is used to represent a time-varying voltage or current whose average value in...

AC Voltage

Alternating Voltage (AC Voltage): Voltage that changes direction periodically, usually in a sinusoidal pattern. A sine wave represents AC voltage and current. Voltage and current rise...

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